有別於多數患者屬中年人士的二型糖尿病,一型糖尿病影響兒童及青年人較多。一型糖尿病患者的胰臟β-細胞被體內產生的抗體破壞,胰島素的分泌功能因而受損。一型糖尿病目前不能被根治,患者需長期接受胰島素治療。
由於臍血幹細胞較少機會引發免疫反應且有潛力發展成其他類型的細胞,加上蘊含大量一種能幫助平衡免疫系統的白血球,所以有可能對醫治主要是免疫系統問題的一型糖尿病有作用。現時已有研究成功使用臍血幹細胞預防及治療老鼠的一型糖尿病,日後有可能成為人用療法。
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